We used to have this in the form of a pair of HTML tags: <frameset> and <frame> (not to be confused with the totally separate <iframe>!). <frameset> provided the scaffolding with slots for multiple frames, letting you easily create a page made up entirely of subpages. It was once popular and, in many ways, worked quite neatly. It let you define static elements once entirely client-side (and without JS!), and reload only the necessary parts of the page - long before AJAX was a thing. You could even update multiple frames at once when needed.

From what I remember, the main problem was that it broke URLs: you could only link to the initial state of the page, and navigating around the site wouldn't update the address bar - so deep linking wasn’t possible (early JavaScript SPA frameworks had the same issue, BTW). Another related problem was that each subframe had to be a full HTML document, so they did have their own individual URLs. These would get indexed by search engines, and users could end up on isolated subframe documents without the surrounding context the site creator intended - like just the footer, or the article content without any navigation.