Crucible steel making was certainly an Indian invention.

And if anyone thinks that Indian metallurgical prowess was a fluke or a temporary affair, they need to research better.

They also need to understand how and why India was an industrial and economic powerhouse of the world via scientific and mathematical advancements for many millenia.

Historians believe India was the most important manufacturer in the world prior till medieval era, responsible for about 25-30% of the planet’s entire industrial output.

Ancient India was a pioneer and expert in advanced metallurgy, there's so much evidence spanning several millenia.

And the reason that India stopped being a world superpower in metallurgy and science is not because it ran out of some ore, it is because the Islamic and Christian invaders destroyed the Indian industries, killed or maimed (cut off limbs) of the experts & artisans, banned the local scientific education, and took credit for Indian innovations in mathematics, science, etc.

i.e., India was deliberately and forcibly deindustrialised and its economy crippled, by barbaric invaders.

While India produced about 25 percent of world industrial output in 1750, this figure fell to only 2 percent by 1900.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-industrialisation_of_India

https://www.oerproject.com/-/media/WHP/PDF/Unit3/WHP-1750-3-...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00144...

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030544031...

https://www.realloreandorder.com/the-ancient-art-of-wootz-me...

https://events.iitgn.ac.in/hstic/imm/Technological-Context-o...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43538-025-00644-3

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391597223_Ancient_K...

https://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedic-heritage-in-present-conte...

https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/History_of_metall...

https://thelinuxcode.com/history-of-metallurgy-in-india-a-te...