> The electricity needs of industry cannot be met in a market-oriented manner

Do you care to elaborate? AFAIK, the EU electricity market is... a market?

The design is debatable, as always with these things. Perhaps you wanted to say something precise about subsidies?

One important consideration is that Germany profited from cheap Russian gas, and continued building Nord Stream 2 post Russian operations in Ukraine in 2014. This is a bet that a huge geopolitical risk would not actualize, which it did in 2022.