alt Hacker NewsHarder to optimize at microarchitectural level because each individual instruction represents way more complex execution model, including to even decode what the CPU is supposed to do.
X86 is comparatively simple, with limited indirect addressing support to the point it can be inlined in execution pipeline, and many instructions either being actually "simple" to implement, or acceptable to do in slow path. M68k (and VAX even more) are comparatively harder to build modern superscalar chip for.
Not true.
The 68k family had only one bad feature, which was introduced in MC68020, a set of memory indirect addressing modes.
Except for this feature, all instructions were as simple or simpler to implement than the x86 instructions.
MC68020, like also 80386, was a microprogrammed CPU with multi-cycle instructions, so the memory indirect addressing modes did not matter yet.
Those addressing modes became a problem later, in the CPUs with pipelined execution and hardwired control, because a single instruction with such addressing modes could generate multiple exceptions in the paged MMU and because any such instruction had to be decoded into multiple micro-operations in all cases.
For embedded computers, backwards compatibility is not important, so Motorola could correct this mistake in the ColdFire CPUs, but for applications like the Apple PCs they could not remove the legacy addressing modes, because that would have broken the existing programs.
Besides the bad memory indirect addressing modes, 68k had the same addressing modes as 80386, except that they could be used in a much more orthogonal way, which made the implementation of a CPU simpler, not more complex.
For a corrected 68k ISA, e.g. ColdFire, it is far easier to make a superscalar implementation with out-of-order execution than for x86.
Like I have said, 68k does not resemble VAX at all. The base 68k architecture resembles a porting to 32-bit of the DEC PDP-11 architecture. Over the base architecture, MC68020 has added a few features taken from VAX, mainly scaled indexed addressing and bit-field operations, and a few features taken from IBM 370, e.g. compare-and-swap.
Intel 80385 has also taken scaled indexed addressing from VAX, but instead of implementing bit-field operations it has added only-single bit operations. That is a negligible simplification of the implementation, which has been chosen by Intel only because their instruction format did not have any bits left for specifying the length of a bit field.
None of these features taken from VAX has caused any problems in either the Intel or the Motorola CPUs in high-speed pipelined implementations.