Luca Pacioli invented (or really, put down on paper) double-entry accounting
it is funny how probability has always been way behind other maths. i got to use the Birthday problem at work, once, which made the math undergrad totally worth it
fortunately my Polymarket and Kalshi wagers are protected by AES et al
As one lecturer put it: modern probability theory derived from two foundations - measure theory and gambling. The latter explains why it has long lacked mainstream mathematical recognition :)
But that's all in the past. Probability is absolutely established in math academia today, Fields medals and all. And despite its applied nature it's pervasive even in pure math.
In what way was it always behind? This work of Fermat and Pascal is ballpark contemporary to the development of calculus.