It's part of Spotify model, here is a blog article explaining it: https://www.atlassian.com/agile/agile-at-scale/spotify
EDIT: Just like Agile, it's poorly implemented at most companies and can lead to a ton of fighting due to multiple reporting arrows coming off employees.
My immediate assocation with the term would be 'tribalism' so a lot of in-fighting seems on-brand.
Thanks!
I once interviewed with a company that organised their people into four "tribes". The company culture was pretty odd, and I fortunately managed to bomb the in-person interview. Now I know where they got the idea from.