I've struggled to find a proper introductory guide to stuff like this. Moving from pre-made Adafruit boards to my own PCBs was very tough to navigate; every guide I came across assumed you knew all sorts of stuff that the EEs writing them probably committed to deep memory decades earlier.
I found Phil's lab content [1] [2] indispensable for just this. Phil is a great communicator and gives in-depth explanations, so I didn't just watch most of his youtube, but also bought his mixed signals course and was very happy with it.
Phil also recommends this lecture in one of his videos [3], which is still one of my all time favourite lectures ever.
[1] https://www.youtube.com/@PhilsLab
[2] https://www.phils-lab.net/
[3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QG0Apol-oj0