> What accounts for the premium price/TB of these extremely high capacity enterprise-targeted drives?

Spare capacity, mostly. That’s why they have higher endurance. If you want to double the endurance of a given drive, tell the controller to allocate twice as many spare blocks and report less capacity than you would otherwise.

In this case, you are also paying a premium for the PCIe attachment instead of SAS, and a lot for price elasticity. You see, with drives like these you slash space and energy consumption in relation to HDDs by a large number, and that allows you to pay a premium for the device, because, at the end of its lifetime, it’ll have more than covered the cost difference in saved space and energy.

What accounts for the premium price/TB of these extremely high capacity enterprise-targeted drives?

The word "enterprise".

I fondly remember when i could buy a well-rated consumer-level SSD for a lot less per TB...

Density, power efficiency, write endurance, sustained write speeds under continuous load, power-loss protection.