Well they've circumvented the need for dedicated hardware to achieve NTN on unmodified UE, ahead of any such implementation in the 3GPP specs. The incumbents all rely on dedicated proprietary platforms - not an off-the-shelf Android SoC smartphone which represents the target-device in the developing world

Traditional 5G UEs are inherently size-bound in terms of supporting device-side beamforming at any performant level, so you're limiting the Starlink style Ku-band spectrum sharing through spatial multiplexing afforded by their directional arrays. No argument there.

ASTS are tricking a NTN connection by fooling an unmodified 5G UE into thinking it's connecting to a terrestrial gNodeB, and then handing it off using bent-pipe architecture to the various terrestrial serving gateways. They claim to have flipped the dependency to allow their proprietary phased array satellites to do the heavy Tx/Rx lifting, and have some Doppler Compensation secret sauce to fix the issues on the terrestrial side.