It's pretty trivial to create derived and augmented types with Pick, Omit, Required, Partial. Combined with a few parsing functions that return an object typed to whatever specification you need and you are set IE:

    type User = { name: string; verified: boolean; email?: string; lastName: string; birthday?: string | { year: string; month: string; date: string; }}

    type Birthday = Required<Pick<User, 'birthday'>>;
    type UserWithBirthday = User & { birthday: Birthday } 
    type VerifiedUser = User & { verified: true; email: string; }
    type VerifiedUserWithBirthday = User & UserWithBirthday & VerifiedUser;


    const userHasBDayAndEmail = (user: User): user is VerifiedUserWithBirthday => {
        if (user.email === undefined || user.birthday === undefined) {
            return false
        }

        return true
    }

The types are cheap to write (they're all derived) and have no runtime impact (types are erased at build/compile time) and these parsing functions are quite small to write

https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#code/FAFwngDgpgBAqgZyg...

I think this is the wrong pattern in this instance. You parse an email or phone number because validating leaves it as a plain string, and you lose the context to know for sure if that string is actually an email or phone number.

In your instance, you could have:

  type User = {
    // ... rest of fields
    email: {
      verified: boolean,
      // branded type here ensures that this string is a proper email address
      value: EmailAddress,
    },
    birthday: Date | null,
  };

The computer-science answer to this problem are called "refinement types", where you can attach arbitrary predicates to a type, e.g. (pseudo-code):

    fn send_birthday_mail(user: {u: User, u.birthday != null})

The difference between this and an assert is that it gets checked at compile time (it can get quite expensive to do the check though).

What can you do in mainstream languages? As much as is worth and no more than that. String -> User is worth it, User -> UserWithBirthday is not.

> Suppose I have a User with some attributes like birthday, email and whether they have been verified.

Philosophically, birthday and email are not attributes of a user. If you remove a user from existence, a birthdate and email address still exist. So...

> would you create UserWithBirthdayAndEmail type

...yes, something like a `profile { user, birthday, email }` type is necessary to compose the attributes you are interested in into something where those attributes do belong together.

> it feels like it is going to bloat the interface space, how do you tackle this problem?

Like all things formal verification, increase the level of verification in your critical sections and don't sweat the non-critical sections. How impactful will it be to your business if sending a birthday email message fails?