Concurrency is a programming abstraction that conceptually allows multiple independent processes to run at the same time using scheduling. For example, running ten programs at once with only a single CPU. Concurrency is effectively CPU scheduling with maybe some other concepts of communication between processes for coordination.

Parallelism is running processes at the same time.

The driving motivation behind concurrency, as far as I can tell, is that it's a concept that can help reason about complex tasks with the added benefit of being able to take advantage of parallelism.

My problem with Pike's advocacy for concurrency, and Golang in particular, is that it's an abstraction that imposes a world view on what's a good programming paradigm and, more practically, how to take advantage of parallelism, both of which have limited utility compared with considering parallelism directly.

My opinion rather than some abstraction that imposes a world view on how to take advantage of parallelism, it's better to use how people actually take advantage of parallelism as a basis for abstraction.

I think Golang is a fine language but we now have 14+ years of hindsight to see how well it's fared and how much it's influenced the compute landscape. In my opinion, the "concurrency not parallelism" misses the simple issue that we want things to go fast. Which has had more influence, Golang's idea of concurrency or taking advantage of GPU parallelism? I think the answer is clearly taking advantage of GPU parallelism.