I'm not implying permanent effects. The studies involved show a marginal reduction in cognitive reasoning on standardized tests.
Which is the point: if you're in a room trying to do deep work, that's likely a problem. I suspect submarines are all over the place here: you might be exposed to higher levels routinely but you also have regular access to chemical scrubbers and decent ventilation. I'd be fascinated to know what levels are tracked as normal.
apparently those scrubbers are less efficient the lower the co2 is (also need to move much more air which ruins stealth). iirc submarines are routinely exposed to multiple thousands.