I've gotten best results with LLMs generating Go, Java, and C# code as they have the best combination of strong type systems and fast or no compile times.
I'd argue that any type system that don't support enforcing non-nil/nullability is not strong in any way and probably worse than not having any type system at all as they give a false sense of security.
Yes, and in Java/C# case, AOT compilation is also available.
I would also add Kotlin, Clojure and F#.
Scala not really as the compilation is not much better, and since the Scala 3 reboot, the ecosystem doesn't seem to be doing that well.
The market opportunity for Haskell on the JVM is gone, although they are doing cool stuff with capabilities.
I used TS and Go mostly with LLMs and they are very good at them. Python has been fine too honestly. A surprise entry is Flutter/Dart. They are very good at it. I think it's a mixture of types, the good tooling and focused documentation.
All of these I run in a cli that has automatic LSP in it so that's a huge factor too. The agent is automatically told when there would be compile time errors as well as linter issues.