Were all the other vaccines "well understood" when they were initially rolled out en masse? Not a rhetorical question, I genuinely don't know the history.
I don't really understand what people's expectations were for a new vaccine intended to combat an ongoing global pandemic.
I don't think they were developed in less than 6 months, and probably had more testing (and have had far more since).
Several labs that manufactured the original polio vaccine shipped the live virus - ie, we just injected kids with polio. Low double digits of people (kids?) died, a few hundred were paralyzed, etc. Later vaccines also had the same problem, but at very low rates (1 in millions maybe).