Hard to imagine a diet of cultural significance that would put people into lifelong dialysis, at an epidemic scale.
Well there's cases of diets which came to prominence and caused issues,.from the obesity epidemic of modern west to the pellagra-riddled European countries consuming maize.
It is conceivable that social/natural changes might bring to dietary changes whose damage at scale is only visible on hindsight.
A diet that makes a particular infection easier to take root is very imaginable.