alt Hacker NewsIntelligence.
It's not an exact analogy, rather something to consider ...
How much momentum does a body have? You can measure it easily, just measure the velocity and the mass and multiply.
What exactly did you measure? What is the meaning of this? Nobody really knows. But we know we can measure this and it's a thing and it's conserved.
eh, momentum has a pretty rigorous definition and it's possible to define it qualitatively. perhaps a better example would have been hardness, where A is harder than B when it scratches B in a test. but it's borderline, and quite a bit different from true circular reasoning
test X measures I(x) I(x) is defined as the thing test X measures. Therefore test X measures the pre-existing psychological trait intelligence.
this is absurd