The US. Primary, general, and in a number of states, you have to have a special election to replace the senator/representative that joined the new administration or quit or whatever. Actually, that causes 4 elections because you have a primary for that. [1]

>You probably shouldn’t be voting in state elections either because you’re not a resident.

That's a matter for the state, and many say if you still have a house, or intend to return, then you vote there.

> If you’re living abroad, you shouldn’t be voting in local elections because you’re not a resident.

And no, a number of states allow voting in that case even if you're not a resident [2]. For instance, you own a vacation home, you get to vote on property tax related matters concerning that house.

[1] https://ballotpedia.org/Special_elections_to_the_119th_Unite...

[2] https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/voting-by-nonre...